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Dear school confirmations, Affirmative activity truly helps minorities and under advantaged Americans. It encourages them pay for school and get the correct preparing they requirement for progress later on throughout everyday life, which will help the, later on in life to improve Jobs. Connected at the hip it'll assist our economy over the long haul. I can comprehend that a few people would state that it wouldn't be valuable for the individuals that aren't from minority foundations and that ffirmative activity is discrimination.People may state that its segregation on the grounds that the individuals enrolling understudies are looking if theyre for ethnicity to check whether they need assistance paying for school. In any case, as I would like to think you cash just comes in a single shading, and that is green. In the event that I could change a few things about governmental policy regarding minorities in society it would be that the candidates wouldn't need to be of shading or ethnic ity, they would Just need to meet the salary requirements.We would check their parent's yearly pay and see the best fit measure of cash for their circumstance. At the point when somebody applies it shouldn't disclose to us the race of the candidate, it should Just express the pay, guardians in the family, and the other fundamental data. Race shouldn't impact others sentiments.

Analysis of Doctrine of Equity

Examination of Doctrine of Equity The precept of value was made to fill in the holes of custom-based law by giving increasingly adaptable cures, not at all like precedent-based law which just give harms, for example, directive, explicit execution, impartial estoppel and so on. Value just represented by the adages where it depends on the standards of decency and inner voice and are not as exacting as customary law. Thus, as the regulation of value created and turned out to be increasingly more adaptable in the previous hundreds of years, it has now been contended by numerous scholastics that value is presently excessively theoretically chaotic to be useful.ã‚â It has been contended that value is a mix of exacting standards and optional standards which credits to English Law with its adaptability. He further clarified that value contained firm standards just as optional standards which will be relevant in various circumstances.[1] In choosing this, the adaptability of value would be examined, particularly in the zones of, for example, the three convictions, Quistclose trust and teaching of guardians. On account of Knight v Knight[2], Lord Langdale MR had set out the three assurances test to make a legitimate private express trust. Assurance is a significant component in trust as without sureness, the goal, article and subject of the trust couldn't be dictated by the courts which would then prompt an invalid trust. Under conviction of expectation, the settlor must utilize exceptionally clear words and articulation to force a lawful commitment for the trustee to hold the property on trust. By and large, basic words are increasingly urged to be utilized in a will when contrasted with precatory words. On account of Re Adams[3], the expression in full certainty was utilized in the provision and it was held that there was no trust made as there is no basic words utilized in the will. In any case, in Comiskey v Bowring[4], even a similar expression was utilized as in Re Adams case, however it was held that the wording made a trust. It could be presented that the courts now not, at this point just glance at a solitary word to decide if there is a trust yet take a gander at the entire of the will. In increasingly complex circumstances where there are no archives accessible, the courts may deduce aim from acts or the expressions of the gatherings. In Paul v Constance[5], it was held that the words the cash is as much yours as it is mine is adequate to make a legitimate trust as there was rehashed lead and has an unmistakable aim. It was proposed that the courts are as a rule excessively liberal in the choices. In any case, in Jones v Lock[6], it was held that it was inadequate to show a reasonable goal for the dad to make a trust for the child. The issue is that the two cases were absence of explicit goal to make a trust, there were just broad aim to profit. Be that as it may, the two cases were held in an unexpected way. It could be contended that the activities were stronger than the words in Pauls case. Gardner recommended that the distinction of the two cases was just the impression of changing legal attitudes.[7] Next, under the assurance of topic, the test utilized by the courts would be whether the property could be surely distinguished. Be that as it may, the courts have as of late made a counterfeit differentiation among unmistakable and immaterial property. In Re London Wine Co[8], it was held that no two jugs of wine are indistinguishable and in this way it could be recognized for their clients. Notwithstanding, in Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd[9], it was held that the inquirers whose gold bullion had been isolated were effective in the case however not those whose bullion had not been isolated. The thinking was that the supply of the gold has been continually changing and it was difficult to state which specific bit of gold has a place with a specific client. It could be presented that the courts were attempting to maintain the standard of decency by having an alternate choice from Re Londonscase as the unmistakable property things here couldn't be isolated appropriately. Then again, in Hunter v Moss[10] where the property is immaterial, an alternate methodology was taken by the courts. For the situation, it was held for the inquirer and expressed that the isolation as in substantial property isn't vital where a trust is made over an impalpable property. The thinking for this is since the offers is undefined from each other, they will be treated as equivalent. In view of every one of the three cases above, it could be seen that this region is untidy as this sureness has not been applied reliably and the appointed authorities have an excess of attentiveness changing the legal perspectives. In conclusion, the sureness of item matter required that there must be ascertainable recipients in a trust. Re Baden (No.2)[11] had indicated that there are various ways to deal with manage when there is a class of articles in an optional trust. The test utilized for the situation was begun from McPhail v Doulton[12] where the use of a total rundown test was incomprehensible and obtained the is or isn't test from Re Gulbenkians Settlements[13] to decide the recipients. Be that as it may, there are 3 understandings on the appropriateness of the test. Right off the bat, Sachs LJ maintained the strict use of the first test, however switched the weight of evidence on the petitioner to confirmation that he falls inside the class of recipients. Sachs LJ further noticed this doesn't have any significant bearing to all optional trust circumstances as a great deal of trust with vulnerability would be approved. Also, Megaw LJ proposed the methodology utilized in Re Allen[14]which was overruled by Re Gulbenkians situation where it held that a trust ought to be legitimate if a considerable number of individuals can show that they are in the class. At last, Stamp LJ proposed an exacting methodology where he expressed that it is fundamental for both applied and evidential conviction to exist with no obscure of the surenesses. Any obscure of the convictions would prompt an invalid trust. It could be presented that this zone would be unreasonably chaotic for the f uture cases to allude as there are an excessive number of various perspectives. The adaptability of value could likewise be found in Quistclose trust which made by Lord Wilberforce in Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Investments Ltd[15]. The Quistclose trust emerges when an organization acquires cash in view of a specific reason for that cash. Master Wilberforce recommended there are essential trust to deliver profit and optional trust emerged for the moneylender if essential trust fizzled. Be that as it may, this was intensely reprimanded as it neglected to meet the three convictions to be a legitimate trust. Afterward, Lord Millet in Twinsectra v Yardley recommended that there is just one coming about trust rather than two trusts while lion's share of the court held that it was an express trust. In Re EVTR[16], Dillon LJ proposed that it was a productive trust with the end goal of the loan.Moreover, scholastics like Alastair Hudson had recommended that the better investigation for this ought to be an express trust.[17] Furthermore, in Re Farepak Food[18], Mann J held that there was no trust and depicted this is as an authoritative relationship rather than trustee-beneficiary.[19] Besides, value likewise demonstrated its adaptability in guardian zone. A trustee is an individual who holds a place of trust and certainty. Guardian has the obligation to act to the greatest advantage of the head in a trustee relationship. A guardian is limited by the no contention rule where he should ensure that his obligations to the chief don't struggle with his own advantage and not permitted to make a benefit. The main case would be Boardman v Phibbs[20] which includes trust where it applied the exacting standard which initially from cases, for example, Keech v Sandford[21] and Bray v Ford[22].The choice was a made in lion's share of the appointed authorities while the other two adjudicators gave disagreeing decisions. Master Upjohn in disagreeing recommended that the case ought to be drawn closer in an increasingly evenhanded edge and ought to be settled on its own individual realities as opposed to setting out an exacting guideline to be adhered to like the custom-based law courts. Be that as it may, in Murad v Al-Saraj[23], most of courts again chose by adhering to the guidelines. Arden LJ from the lion's share recommended that the court ought to return to the rigidity of rule of value in brutal conditions. Moreover, Jonathan Parker LJ from larger part additionally recommended that it is the ideal opportunity for the court to loosen up the seriousness of the standard. In minority, Clarke LJ recommended that the guardian could contend for an offer in benefits despite the fact that they penetrated their obligation by prevailing upon Warman International v Dwyer[24]. In Foster Bryant Surveying v Bryant[25], it was held that the respondent was not required to account his ensuing benefit as the realities were not quite the same as the customary cases. It was recommended that this case law would possibly be followed when there are same realities later on. In view of the abovementioned, value has been adaptable to develop to suit the requirements of the general public. Henceforth, it is hugely intricate as it was assembled a very long time of laws, yet the courts are allowed to create new standards and to adjust or apply the old ones relying upon the circumstance. As recommended by Alastair Hudson, value drives us to think about the predicament of the person in this unpredictable world and to spare that person from being up to speed in the lawful machine or presented to irremediable all in all, it could be presented that value is as yet helpful despite the fact that it may be adroitly chaotic as appeared previously. Nonetheless, this would be inescapable as value must be adaptable yet it would be additionally required to keep up certain textures over the cases to keep the law from being ambiguous. (1650 words) List of sources Books Gardner S, A prologue to the Law of Trusts (third edn OUP 2011) Hudson An, Equity and Trust, (eighth edn, Routledge, Oxon, 2015) Hudson A, Great Debates in Equity and Trusts,(1st edn, Palgrave Macmillan 2014) Electronic Sources Alastair Hudson, The Fundamentals of Quistclose Trusts, http://www.alastairhudson.com/trustslaw/Quistclose.pdf got to on 1

Customer Benefit Package (Walmart vs Luxury Clothier) Essay

Wal-Mart is no uncertainty the greatest retail location in North America. It is viewed as the most effectively run retail business on the planet. Wal-Mart contrasted with extravagance retailers have a great deal of differentiating factors both in products and ventures gave. The most noteworthy factor that I see when one is to contrast Wal-Mart with an extravagance retailer is the cost. Wal-Mart is viewed as a markdown retail location which is the reason their items are sensibly estimated merchandise though extravagance retailers will in general be profoundly evaluated. To differentiate the Customer Benefit Package of Wal-Mart against an extravagance clothier for buying a suit or another proper dress, there are many contributing components. Various individuals search for various kinds of advantages from the items to fulfill their necessities. Average wellsprings of advantages are Good Comparative Price, Good Quality, Good After-Sales Service, Reputable Company Image, Well Known Product/Brand, Low After-Sales Costs, Prompt Delivery, Well Designed Product, Fashionable, Ease of Purchase, and Reliability. As far as value, Wal-Mart has certainly a preferred position over its rivals especially an extravagance clothier for this situation. Let us state we contrast Wal-Mart with Zara. Zara’s costs are unquestionably higher than Wal-Mart. Regarding quality, Zara sources out greater quality materials utilized on their items to give their buyers that specific quality they are anticipated from as a result of the name when contrasted with Wal-Mart, which restrains their stocks on a for each style, per season premise because of procurement cost. This gives the client a feeling of pride realizing that not very numerous individuals will have a similar thing on their wardrobe. Zara or any extravagance clothier is centered more around quality plan for this is their principle territory of business. They spend on the plan, style and quality. An extravagance clothier or Zara so far as that is concerned is a notable brand. Buyers purchase their items in view of their name. They have trust in these brands. These brands convey refined structures with upscale style and offer brilliant or one on one client assistance. This is a favorable position that they have over Wal-Mart. They furnish their clients with that help with alluding or proposing different items, for example, adornments that may suit the purchasing client. If there should arise an occurrence of Wal-Mart, they have their in house brand, George, which furnishes customers with reasonableâ priced items and convey other brand names too so shopper has more options. The distinction here would be the inclination of the purchaser. Do I go for a dress or suit with a brand name or a suit or dress that would fit me well and doesn't make a difference what brand it is. An extravagance clothier would have more assortment of decisions since garments is their primary line of business. For its products, an extravagance clothier conveys more assistants to go with the suits or dresses they sell. Their staffs are sufficiently learned to help the customer what frill they can wear along with the suit or dress. Wal-Mart then again, doesn't have this sort of administration where they can propose to their shopper what to wear along with a suit or dress. Wal-Mart’s staffs are not prepared for this sort of administration. Another major differentiating factor between Wal-Mart and an extravagance clothier is its administration. This assumes a significant job in the dynamic procedure of the purchaser. Am I happy with how the stores staff helped me? Did I have a personal shopping experience? To what extent did I need to stand by to pay? Was the staff polite and educated about their item? One would even go the extent that returning to that store in view of how he/she was treated by the staff. I like shopping in that store on the grounds that the staff treats me like a VIP. Wal-Mart offers different after deals administration that props their clients up back to them. The Cash Back Reward program that they have lures its clients to return and shop in their store. This is the place they have a bit of leeway over extravagance clothiers as the last doesn't have this sort of a program to clients. Wal-Mart likewise has a satisfactory merchandise exchange wherein they uninhibitedly acknowledge returns inside a predefined time span. Wal-Mart has a ton of clerks thinking about the size of its store. For an extravagance clothier, they for the most part have 2 to 4 clerks and on a bustling day, you would see lines in the clerk. Wal-Mart gloats of offering top quality items and administrations, giving its clients a â€Å"one-stop† shopping experience. They offer different items from food, attire, housewares, blessing things, garden focus, and auto focus. It likewise offers administrations, for example, financing, travel agency,â pharmacy, vision focus, salons and photograph focus. It likewise offers McDonald’s in pretty much every store. You can likewise shop online by making your record with them. There are unquestionably a great deal of differentiating thoughts between Wal-Mart and extravagance clothier. There are many contributing elements referenced. For what reason do individuals go to Wal-Mart? In the same way as other consumers’, the principle reasons would generally be because of accommodation, drive purchasing due to being a â€Å"one-stop† shop, after-deals administration and the cost. For an extravagance clothier, it would be a greater amount of the brand you are purchasing, the quality and dependability of the item, picture of extravagance clothier, refreshed style or design, and one on one client support.

Topics in Labor Relations free essay sample

As indicated by our course reading, Labor Relations: Striking a Balance, expanded spotlight on quality and more prominent intensity caused changes in business that have molded aggregate haggling in three different ways. To begin with, aggregate haggling has tried different things with less itemized, shorter work rules or agreements. This is an endeavor to expand adaptability and proficiency that was smothered by huge, multi-volume, nitty gritty aides/contracts. Second, shared increases of integrative bartering have been grasped to upgrade participation and joint critical thinking rather than rivalry and strife. At long last, aggregate bartering has gotten increasingly centered around ceaseless correspondence to cultivate adaptability and on-going gainful and agreeable connections. This objective was not very much served by the customary procedure of re-arranging contracts on a multi year premise (Budd, 2010, p. 13-14). It was fascinating to discover that the current lawful structure for private division aggregate dealing goes back to 1935, which was really during the incredible misery. This was trailed by WWII which achieved a period of mass assembling and was set apart by a huge contrast among blue and salaried specialists. Today in the US, mass assembling has declined as adaptable creation strategies, the ascent of educated specialists and extreme worldwide rivalry has expanded (Budd, 2010, p. 14). The associations and aggregate bartering forms set up after WWII, during the time of mass assembling, were conceived from the need to set up safe working conditions, reasonable wages, and representative advantages. These associations likewise earned an awful notoriety and caused breaks among businesses and workers. Today’s bosses see the advantage of employee’s contribution and need to deal with their workers. Representatives need to contribute and feel like they have any kind of effect. This has prompted improved working conditions, remuneration and a decrease in the apparent requirement for aggregate haggling and associations. In all actuality a wide range of things can influence aggregate bartering. In Wisconsin the 2010 races set chosen authorities in power that didn't bolster aggregate haggling. Truth be told they took moves to make aggregate haggling rights from open workers locating the diminished spending would assist state with planning issues. As per the Collective Bargaining Fact Sheet discovered online at collectivebargaining. com, comparable issues came up in at any rate twelve different states. Accordingly, there have been fights and review races. (Aggregate haggling actuality, 2010) A case of aggregate dealing can be found on account of Maryland’s Wicomico County Sheriff’s Deputies. Following a multi year battle for change with little advancement, the agents turned out to be a piece of the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP), Lodge #111, an association that speaks to law authorization officials all through the nation. A progression of friendly arrangements between the FOP and region authorities occurred and brought about a concession to somewhere in the range of 28 things which included wages, annuities, attire recompense and a no strike statement (Wicomico County Maryland, 2011). Since cops assume a key job in securing the general population and guaranteeing wellbeing, they are denied from striking. This is the situation for most of government workers in the United States (Budd, 2010, p. 266). The most noteworthy and across the board law influencing work relations in the private division is the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. This law is otherwise called the Wagner Act, named for Senator Robert F. Wagner, the man who advocated it. More or less this law ensures employees’ rights to shape and take part in trade guilds. The book, Labor Relations: Striking a Balance distinguishes the focal arrangements of the Act. These arrangements incorporate the foundation of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) which responds to portrayal questions and settles out of line work practice claims. The demonstration gives laborers the option to shape associations and deal by and large. It recognizes five unjustifiable work rehearses and â€Å"establishes elite portrayal for associations that have larger part backing and awards them privileges of aggregate bartering over wages, long stretches of business and different states of employment† (Budd, 2010, pp. 119-121). The law likewise made it illicit for organizations to terminate representatives for shaping or joining associations and denied organization oversaw associations. A news discharge on the NLRB site shows a genuine case of a potential infringement of the NLRA. The news discharge depicts how notable airplane producer, the Boeing Company has chosen to build up a second non-association creation line for its 787 Dreamliner planes. This ordinarily wouldn’t be an issue yet the company’s primary creation line is in an association office. Boeing expressed that the explanation they chose to utilize the non-association plant was a direct result of past strikes and the chance of more strikes happening later on. The association for Boeing’s workers documented a grumbling which the NLRB explored. The examination uncovered an infringement of the NLRA likely happened in light of the fact that Boeing the executives had offered threatening remarks to laborers in regards to past strikes which, related to setting up a subsequent creation line in a non-association office, could be deciphered as counter for the strikes and an endeavor to debilitate future strikes (National work Relations Board; Office of Public Affairs, 2012). Since it is legitimate for private division strikes, it isn't right for the organization to oppress the unionized laborers by offering work to a non-association plant. On the off chance that the organization doesn’t stop the transition to a subsequent creation line they will confront a conference under the watchful eye of a NLRB judge. In the ten years following foundation of the NLRA, associations developed solid and numerous where driven by degenerate supervisors. This was on the grounds that the NLRA concentrated on employer’s acknowledgment of associations and aggregate haggling. It provided no guidance or direction for association conduct. To numerous it appeared as though the NLRA had given associations the high ground. The Taft-Hartley Act was goes in 1947 to change the NLRA and parity decency among associations and managers. It remembered limitations for association activities, improved privileges of people and businesses, and new question goals systems (Budd, 2010, p. 127-129). What's more, the Taft-Hartley Act disallows managers from giving cash or different things of significant worth to association authorities. Similarly, it is a wrongdoing for association authorities to acknowledge or request these things from businesses. During the 1950s, International Longshoreman’s Association President Joseph Ryan was seen as blameworthy of taking a yearly fiscal allowance from a business (Jacobs, 2006, p. 117). Another case of an infringement of this bit of the demonstration is discovered n the Federal department of Investigation site. As indicated by an official statement, siblings Nick and Paul Maddalone were in cahoots with a sorted out wrongdoing family which set them in different places of intensity inside Local 1181 of the Amalgamated Transit Workers Union (Local 1181). Neighborhood 1181 speaks to travel laborers who give school transport administrations to New York City. Clearly the siblings got made up for settling on association choices, affecting association exercises and choosing not to see contract infringement which profited the wrongdoing family (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2009). The NLRA and the Taft-Hartley Act each came and addressed issues important at the time they were built up. Prior to the NLRA, representatives were off guard. Many worked in inauspicious conditions, got low wages and didn't have a voice. The NLRA drove changes to improve things for workers yet in the long run influenced the perceived leverage for associations. The Taft-Hartley Act was set up to give direction for association exercises and re-balance the business worker relationship. In any case, more changes in accordance with the framework were required as more data surfaced about work development defilement. Like the Local 1181 occurrence talked about above, more cases of mafia invasion and degenerate association pioneers were becoming exposed. So in 1959, the Landrum-Griffin Act was passed to stop the defilement and advance majority rule government inside associations. The Landrum-Griffin Act concentrated on inward association undertakings and made a bill of rights that ensured the privilege of equivalent support. It additionally made it compulsory for associations to embrace by laws and set up required revealing which included giving names, titles and pay rates of association officials to the Department of Labor. Reportable things likewise incorporate advances made to association officials, measure of expenses and levy, technique for evaluating money related records, trusteeships, and the measure of credits given to association authorities. The demonstration sets up arrangements for leading association races, shields for work associations and things that must be accounted for to bosses (Budd, 2010, p. 132-134). To put it plainly, the Act stopped defilement by making it simpler to distinguish and by building up decides that forestalled it. An article in the Los Angeles Times, depicts an infringement of the Landrum-Griffin Act. At the point when Sheet Metal Workers International recommended a duty increment to assuage their monetary issues, chose business specialist of Local 75, Edward Lynn, was against it. He felt that the best arrangement was to diminish nearby chosen officials’ pay since it was higher than other neighborhood unions’ pay. At the point when the proposition to expand levy was casted a ballot against at the nearby association, a delegate from Sheet Metal Workers International terminated Mr. Lynn in light of the fact that he had been candid about his resistance to the expansion. In the end, the Supreme Court decided that it was an infringement of the Landrum-Griffin Act to fire a chosen official for contradicting a contribution increment (Weinstein, 1989). Similarly as the NLRA and Taft-Hartley Acts rolled out genuinely necessary improvements to work relations, so did the Landrum-Griffin Act. I accept the standards and checks and bala

Theology Book Review Assignment The Sermon on the Mountain - 275 Words

Theology Book Review Assignment: The Sermon on the Mountain (Book Review Sample) Content: Name:Lecturer:Course:Date:The Sermon on the MountainA notable interpretive question is whether Luke and Matthew are recounting a similar teaching from Jesus on the same occasion. The pattern is similar as both begin with beatitudes (Luke 6:20-26 and Matthew 5:1-12). Nonetheless, there are also noteworthy differences in the two gospels. The wording of the sermon in Matthew is longer and not always alike to Luke. On many of his teachings, Jesus may have taught similar messages, thus, Luke and Matthews records might be a reflection of His teaching on two separate circumstances. Critics of the two gospels always point out Matthew 5:1 which states, Jesus went up the mountain in distinction to Luke 6:17, which allude to Jesus delivering his fables in the plain. Looking at the two scriptures there is abundance in harmony in agreement in the two gospels. Jesus starts his teachings with four beatitudes in Luke 6:20-23 as compared to the eight in Matthew 5:3-10.The reason for t he difference is the wording in the two scriptures. For example in Luke 6:20-21, Blessed are ye poor, whereas in Matthew 5:3-4, Blessed are the poor in spirit. The beatitudes in Matthew are third in person Blessed are the poor in spirit, while in Luke they are in the second person Blessed be ye poor. Matthew does not have records of woes, which are...

Pain and Prostitution The Evolution of Female Chastity in Ancient and Late Imperial China - Free Essay Example

It would be inappropriate to sentence him to the penalty for coercion. Not only were these cases ignored but this situation would also be predominantly classified as illicit sex, resulting in physical punishments inflicted on both the woman and the man. Punishments were dictated depending on the actions of the woman, indicating how the government began to integrate female chastity into their legislation. Female chastity began to be desired and was more clearly defined after the government introduced two categories of chastity, lie and jie, and began to give out these as awards to laud women who remained chaste under specific circumstances. Lie awards were given to sexually assaulted women who protected their sexual purity through self-mutilation † or in some extreme cases, suicide † while jie awards were granted to chaste widows who remained faithful to their deceased husbands. Scholar Siyen Fei asserts that the court regularly placed pressure on local officials to nominate candidates through touring regional inspectors. This award-based government initiative was actually quite successful, giving women incentive to behave sexually morally under the definitions of the legal codes and especially publicly exemplify their chastity so they could be nominated. Chastity stone arches (known as paifang) were enacted in honor of the successfully chaste; these were visual representations of social norms and reinforced how the government believed maintaining their chastity should be a daily priority for all women. Other awards were also given out for proper behavior, like being a respected scholar or adopting orphans, but gazette archives revealed that editors had recorded an overwhelming majority of female chastity award recipients compared to other awards; clearly, women during this time embraced the notion of being chaste and being honored in their communities for doing so. Some newspapers and gazettes printed during this time also published biographies about women who cut off their noses or drowned themselve s in nearby rivers to deter rapists from polluting their chastity. Evidently, being chaste was a public affair. Consequently, as women became more extreme in their moral convictions and desires to safeguard their sexual purity, the rate of female suicide also grew during this time. Of course, it is possible for some widows to have committed suicide due to financial and emotional hardship, but many accounts recorded by Qing dynasty legal secretaries detail stories of women who were defiantly chaste. For example, in a 1739 case, Wu Shi, a widow whose husband died of illness, remained chaste for ten years after. When she was forced to remarry, she hung herself, essentially martyring herself for chastity. A widow and her in-laws decision to remarry could often be financially motivated; remaining chaste took an economic toll on the family and would only be realistic for widows from wealthy families. Charlotte Furth, when contextualizing Chinese medicine in history, characterized the female body was characterized as a sacrificial reproductive body that fulfilled the duties associated with chastity through its dedication to a specific labor in service of the family. Furth goes on to assert that physical pain was an integral element of physical female virtue. Certainly, this was the case with widow chastity, as some women saw suicide as the only way to remain virtuous after they were forced into remarriage. The act of foot-binding, then, could also be put into this category of physical pain. During the Qing Dynasty, while the chastity movement was at its height, the foot-binding movement was also pervasive; foot-binding had become part of a beauty ideal that women of all social and econom ic levels coveted. In her book Cinderellas Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding, Dorothy Ko claims that those who had been frequently praised for the beauty of their feet may well have internalized this standard of beauty and been more than willing to help their daughters attain it as well. The concept of thrice following implied a life of chastity: a girls life was divided into three sections, where she followed her father before she was married, then her husband, and then her son if she became a widow. Therefore, to prepare for the next stage of their daughters lives, mothers began footbinding their daughters at a young age, wanting them to attract a good husband; the smaller and more crippled the feet, the more beautiful the woman. Husbands chose wives sometimes solely by looking at their feet, as a womans capabilities as a good wife could be tied to the size of her feet. Ko mentions a husband who criticized his wifes wastefulness by commenting on her feet, saying that keeping [her] around we would have no jacket and pants to wear; why, a pair of your shoes uses up three feet of cloth. For women, then, their social status and marriageability largely depended on this very superficial and visual aspect of their body. Women scrutinized other women for the way they walke d and the size of their feet. Women with ugly feet † specifically, women with poorly bound feet † were bullied and called names such as half-squeezed-foot and little-crooked-bone. Notably, women with natural and entirely unbound feet were not snubbed as much as women who tried to bind their feet. Again, this may have been because foot-binding had expanded to lower social levels; women who didnt bind their feet altogether may have been left out of the narrative, while women who were not as successful at foot-binding were seen as posers who wanted to join the elite. Ko asserts that the surface of female bodies especially the adorned bound foot acquired significance as social skin, a boundary between self and others as well as between social classes. By observing a womans foot, one could superficially lump her in with the group of the elite or with the poor. It is also important to acknowledge that the rise of foot-binding during the Ming and Qing dynasties may not have been a direct result of the rise of chastity Ko concedes that other factors may have contributed to the movement. Changes in the way that homes and other domestic spaces were constructed resulted in more permanent enclosed areas, furthering the culture of seclusion for women and keeping women in this private sphere. Furthermore, changes in domestic furniture, namely, the growing popularity of chairs and tables would have reduced the pressures on feet and allowed women to sit down more comfortably, with their legs hanging rather than on the ground. However, it would be inexhaustive to not consider the connections between foot-binding and preservation of chastity; the elite class of women who were most successful at foot-binding were also practicing chastity at the highest level. Foot-binding, then, as a very visual and physical indication of class and civility was a way for women to gauge another womans level of devotion to her sexual morality. Later in the Qing era, critics of the gender norms and sexual inequality included foot-binding in their criticisms. Yuan Mei, a well-known poet and scholar, not only encouraged casual interactions between the sexes but also explicitly condemned the suicides of rape victims, the custom of widow chastity, and even foot-binding as unnecessarily extreme expressions of virtue. Even if foot-binding was not a direct result of female chastity, scholars from this time viewed foot-binding as a symbol of chastity to some degree. By studying the legal codes as well as analyzing stories of women over time, it is evident that life and expectations for a woman in ancient China was shaped through more complex ways than just her gender. Simply claiming that female agency was restricted during this time would be inaccurate; even the definition of agency for women evolved over time and had distinct significance for women of different classes. The stories and torturous practices that these women endured certainly underscore the oppression of Chinese women for centuries. But when studying the lives of these women, it is just as important for us to fully contextualize them in the economic and social climate of their time and understand the differing class expectations that all contributed to the rise and lauding of female chastity.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 932 Words

The American Dream, a concept coined at a time when wealth, power, and prosperity was the ultimate goal. In, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald illustrates a situation where the dream in the end turns into a complete nightmare. Jay Gatsby’s love of Daisy contributed to his hunger for a wealthy lifestyle, which finally brings Gatsby to his failure. The affection that Gatsby had for Daisy Buchanan made him thirst for the affluent that he believed would earn her love back. â€Å"He talked a lot about the past, and I gathered that he wanted to recover something. Some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy. His life had been confused and disordered since then, but if he could once return to a certain starting place and go over it all slowly, he could find out what that thing was† (Fitzgerald 117). Gatsby wanted to gain the love of Daisy, trying to go back to the position they once were before he was enlisted into the war. When Jay and Daisy met time stood still while he was falling in love with her, or at least the idea of her. After they had separated nothing seemed to be perfect with Gatsby goes off to serve in the war and Daisy meeting Tom, almost calling off her wedding for Gatsby. â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? Why of course you can. I’m going to fix everything just the way it was befor e† (Fitzgerald 116-7). Jay tells Nick that just because Daisy loves someone else, Tom, that does not imply they cannot love each other once more, attempting to go back to the stage whereShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that